Fundamentals of Botany, Volume I
N K Soni
Vandana Soni
ISBN: 0070681767
Copyright year: 2010
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Molecular biology
overlaps with other areas of biology, particularly with genetics and
biochemistry. Molecular biology chiefl y concerns itself with the understanding
of interactions between various systems of a cell including the
inter-relationship of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis. Study of cell biology
includes the physiological properties of cells as well as their functions. This
is done both on a microscopic and molecular level. Genetics is the science of
genes, heredity and variation. Genes encode the information necessary for synthesising
proteins, which in turn plays a large role in infl uencing the fi nal phenotype
of an organism. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the
investigation of the function of a particular gene or the analysis of genetic
interactions. Ecology deals with the distribution and abundance of living
organisms and the interactions between organisms and their environment.
Ecological systems are studied at several different levels. Biogeography deals
with the study of spatial distribution of organisms on the earth. These are a
few examples that demonstrate how botanical knowledge has an ongoing relevance
to the understanding of biological manifestations.
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Section 1 :
Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogams
1. Viruses 3
1.1 Introduction and Historical Account 3
1.2 Characteristics of Viruses 3
1.3 Classifi cation of Viruses 4
1.4 Structure, Size and Shape of Viruses 6
1.5 Isolation and Characterisation of Viruses
7
1.6 Virus Multiplication 10
1.7 Certain Examples of Viruses 11
1.8 Bacteriophages 12
1.9 Plant Viruses 13
1.10 Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 16
1.11 Viral Diseases of Human Beings 17
1.12 Sub-Viral Particles 18
2. Bacteria and Cyanobacteria 21
2.1 Introduction and Historical Account 21
2.2 Classifi cation 21
2.3 Characteristics 22
2.4 Structure of Bacterial Cell 23
2.5 Mode of Nutrition 25
2.6 Reproduction 26
2.7 Economic Importance 28
2.8 Cyanobacteria 31
2.9 Mycoplasma 38
2.10 Other Prokaryotes 39
3. Thallophytes: Algae, Fungi and Lichens 42
(A) ALGAE 42
3.1 Introduction and Characteristics 42
3.2 Classifi cation of Algae 42
3.3 Reproduction in Algae 43
3.4 Life Cycles in Algae 45
3.5 Class-Chlorophyceae 47
3.6 Chlamydomonas 49
3.7 Volvox 54viii Contents
3.8 Ulothrix 57
3.9 Coleochaete 61
3.10 Oedogonium 64
3.11 Spirogyra 69
3.12 Chara 71
3.13 Class : Xanthophyceae 75
3.14 Vaucheria 76
3.15 Class-Phaeophyceae 80
3.16 Ectocarpus 80
3.17 Sargassum 84
3.18 Class : Rhodophyceae 87
3.19 Polysiphonia 87
3.20 Economic Importance of Algae 91
(B) FUNGI 93
3.21 Introduction and Characteristics 93
3.22 Pythium 99
3.23 Phytophthora 102
3.24 Zygomycotina 106
3.25 Mucor 107
3.26 Yeast 111
3.27 Eurotium (Aspergillus) 115
3.28 Chaetomium 118
3.29 Peziza 119
3.30 Basidiomycotina 122
3.31 Puccinia 123
3.32 Agaricus 128
3.33 Economic Importance of Fungi 130
(C) LICHENS 133
3.34 Lichens 133
4. Bryophytes 138
4.1 Introduction 138
4.2 Characteristics
138
4.3 Classifi cation of Bryophytes 139
4.4 Riccia 140
4.5 Marchantia 143
4.6 Pellia 146
4.7 Class : Anthocerotae (Anthocerotopsida)
149
4.8 Anthoceros 150
4.9 Class - Musci (Bryopsida) 153
4.10 Funaria 154 Contents ix
5. Pteridophytes 158
5.1 Introduction 158
5.2 Characteristics 158
5.3 Stelar System in Pteridophytes 159
5.4 Classifi cation of Pteridophytes 161
5.5 Structure of Rhynia Fossil 163
5.6 Lycopodium 165
5.7 Selaginella 168
5.8 Equisetum 171
5.9 Dryopteris and Pteris 174
5.10 Marsilea 177
Frequently Asked Descriptive Questions for
B.Sc. Examination 181
Multiple Choice Questions from PMT and other
Competitive Examinations 188
Section 2 : Cell
Biology and Genetics
6. Cell and Cell Organelles: Structure and
Functions 207
6.1 Introduction 207
6.2 Cell Shape and Size 208
6.3 Structure of Plant Cell 208
6.4 Cell Organelles 215
6.5 Major Ergastic Substances of Plants 225
7. Cell Cycle 227
7.1 Interphase (Inter-Mitotic Phase) 227
7.2 Cell Division: Mitosis and its Signifi
cance 229
7.3 Meiosis 234
8. Nucleic Acids and Chromosome Organisation
239
8.1 (A) DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) 239
8.2 (B) Chromosome Organisation 252
8.3 (C) RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) 259
8.4 Central Dogma 262
9. Genetic Code 263
9.1 Introduction and Discovery 263
9.2 Properties of Genetic Code 265
9.3 Wobble Hypothesis 266
10. Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis 267
10.1 Introduction 267
10.2 Nature of Proteins 267
10.3 Classifi cation of Proteins 268
10.4 Structure of Proteins 269x Contents
10.5 Tests for Proteins 270
10.6 Mechanism of Protein Synthesis 270
11. Gene Regulation 276
11.1 Prokaryotic Gene Expression 276
11.2 Eukaryotic Gene Expression and its
Regulation 279
12. Genetic Variation 281
12.1 (A) Mutation 281
12.2 (B) Polyploidy 285
13. Genetic Inheritance 289
13.1 (A) Early Theories of Heredity 289
13.2 Terminology 290
13.3 (B) Mendelism 295
13.4 (C) Post - Mendelian Genetics 302
14. Commonly used Tools and Techniques 310
14.1 Microscopy 310
14.2 Cell Fractionation 314
14.3 Autoradiography 314
14.4 Spectrophotometry 315
14.5 Microspectrophotometry 315
14.6 Cytochemistry 315
14.7 X-Ray Diffraction (X-Ray Crystallography)
315
14.8 Chromatography 315
14.9 Electrophoresis 317
Frequently Asked Descriptive Questions for
B.Sc. Examination 318
Multiple Choice Questions from PMT and other
Competitive Examinations 323
Appendix A:
Scientists who are Said to be Fathers of Different Branches of Botany 339
Appendix B: Some
Scientists and their Important Contributions 341
Appendix C: Some
Renowned Botanists of India 345
Appendix D: Branches
of Botany and Related Sciences 346
Appendix E: Some
Common Abbreviations 349
Appendix F: Famous
Books of Botany and their Authors 351
Appendix G: Some
Research Organisations, Institutions and Gardens in India 352
Appendix H: Nobel
Laureates in Botany and Related Disciplines 354
Index 357
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